NOTE -- When you extract information from a source and then use the author's words

or ideas in your own paper, you MUST give the author credit in the form of a citation.

BOOK with ONE AUTHOR

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book.

Place of Publication: Publisher Name, Date of publication.

Example

Jones, Maurice K. Say It Loud: The Story of Rap Music.

Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1994.

BOOK with TWO AUTHORS

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name and Second Author's First and Last Name.

Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher Name, Date of publication.

Example

Clark, Trisha and James Kirsch. Understanding the Effects of Drugs on

Society Today. Chicago: Illinois Free Press, 1998.

BOOK with THREE AUTHORS or more

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name of first author listed, et. al. Title of

Book. Place of Publication: Publisher Name, Date of publication.

Example

Marvin, Mariah, et. al. The Human Adventure. New York: Addison-Wesley

Publishing Co., 1999.

BOOK with NO AUTHOR but an EDITOR

Format

Editor's Last Name, First Name, ed. Title of Book. Place of Publication:

Publisher Name, Date of publication.

Example

Szumski, Bonnie, ed. Terrorism: Opposing Viewpoints. St. Paul, MN:

Greenhaven Press, 1996.

ENCYCLOPEDIA or DICTIONARY

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Entry Title." Name of Encyclopedia

or Dictionary. Year ed.

Encyclopedia Article Example - With Author (Signed)

Claw, Charles J. "Hummingbird." World Book Encyclopedia. 1998 ed.

Encyclopedia Article Example - No Author (Unsigned)

"Hummingbird." Collier's Encyclopedia. 1998 ed.

Dictionary Entry Example

"Hummingbird." Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. 1997 ed.

ARTICLES from SPECIAL REFERENCE BOOKS

Format

"Title of Article." Title of Reference Book. Edition. Year: Page number.

Examples

"High School for Girls." Famous First Facts. 3rd ed. 1998: 12-16.

"Oldest Human Body." The Guinness Book of Records. 22^nd ed. 1993: 139.

SELECTION FROM AN ANTHOLOGY BOOK

Format

Author. "Title of Selection." Title of Anthology Book. Edition. Editor. Place

of Publication: Publisher, Year. Page number.

Example

Fiske, John. "Madonna." Ways of Reading: An Anthology for Writers. 3rd ed.

Ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. Boston: Bedford, 1993. 158-177.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Magazine Title

Date of Issue: Page number.

Example - with Author

Ramonds, Seth. "Capitalism and German Democracy." People

May 1998: 45-71.

Example � No Author

"What Doomed the Mayans?" Newsweek 29 Jan. 1983: 31.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name (known as Byline). "Article Title."

Newspaper Name Date, edition.: Section and page number.

Example - with Author/Byline

Oorjitham, Santha. "Lost in the Jungle." New Straits Times

8 Feb. 1982, late ed.: A3.

Example � No Author/Byline

"Lost in the Jungle." New Straits Times 8 Feb. 1982, late ed.: A3.

BROCHURE or PAMPHLET

Format, Same as Book - Example

Gregorczyk, Joanna, ed. Cracow. Warszawa: Polish Tourist Information

Center, 1989.

POSTER, CHART, or MAP

Format, Same as Book, except add type - Example

Michigan. Map. Chicago: Rand, 2000.

PUBLICATION on CD-ROM or DISKETTE

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Article Entry Title." Publication CD Disk Title.

Any version or edition numbers. CD-ROM. Publication information, Date.

Example

Burka, Lauren P. "Aldehyde." The Software Toolworks Multimedia Encyclopedia.

Version 1.5. CD-ROM. Boston: Grolier, 1998.

INTERVIEW

Format

Name of Person being Interviewed. Type of Interview. Title. Source.

Location if applicable. Date.

Examples

Sillick, John. Personal Interview. 2 Sept. 2002.

Rico, Jose. Interview. Afternoon Edition. WILL Public Radio.

Urbana, IL. 23 Sept. 1992.

PERFORMANCE

Format

"Title." By Author. Translator. Director. Performer. Theater, Location. Date.

Example

"Medea." By Euripedes. Dir. Jonathan Kent. Perf. Diana Rigg. Longacre Theatre,

New York. 7 Apr. 1994.

LECTURE, SPEECH, OR ADDRESS:

Format:

Speaker. Type. "Title" or Venue. Location. Date.

Example

Kennedy, John Fitgerald. Greater Houston Ministerial Association. Houston.

12 Sept. 1960.

WORK OF ART

Format

Artist. Title. Gallery or Site, Location.

Example:

Bernini, Gianlorenzo. Ecstasy of St. Teresa. Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome.

VIDEO

Format

Title. Director. First Name Last Name. Performers Distributor, Year.

Example

It's a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stuart, Donna Reed, and Lionel Barrymore. RKO, 1946.

TELEVISION PROGRAM

Format

"Title of Episode or Segment." Credit Performer or Writer. Title of Program.

Name of Network. Call letters if any, City of Local Station if any. Broadcast Date.

Examples

"Secrets of the Lost Empires." Nova. PBS. KHET, Los Angeles. 26 May 1998.

"Designing Woman." Reported by Maria Shriver. Dateline. NBC. WGRZ, Buffalo.

15 Mar. 1999.

COMPACT DISC RECORDING

Format

Artist's last name, First Name. "Title of Song." Title of Disc.

Recording Company, year of release.

Example

King, Carole. "You've Got a Friend." Tapestry. RCA, 1973.

ONLINE SOURCES

INTERNET SITES (World Wide Web, etc.)

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Document." Title of Internet site.

Document date or Date of last revision. Name of Organization sponsoring the site. Date when source was accessed <URL>.

Example

Burka, Lauren P. "A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions." The MUDdex.

Last Revised 22 Oct. 1999. 15 Oct. 2003 <http://www.apocalypse.org/pub/u/lpb/muddex/essay/>.

ARTICLE IN A REFERENCE DATABASE (i.e. Online Encyclopedias)

Format

"Article Title." Reference Title. Version. Date. Publisher. Date of Access <URL>.

Example

"Table Tennis." Britannica Online. Vers. 97.1.1. Mar. 1997. Encyclopeadia Britannica.

29 Mar. 1997 <http://www.eb.com>.

NEWS SOURCES ONLINE

Newspaper Article Format

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Newspaper Title Date. Date Accessed <URL>.

Newspaper Article Example

Starks, Caroline. "Growing Suburbs May Lose Out on School Grants."

Chicago Tribune 31 Jan. 1998. 14 Apr. 1998 <http://infoweb.newsbank.com>.

Newspaper Article Example (no author)

"Israel, PLO Intensify Peace Efforts." Reuters 10 Jan. 1995. 14 Apr. 1997 <http://infoweb.newsbank.com>.

INFOTRAC

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Publication Title Volume number. Issue

number. Date of publication: Page range or Number of pages. Name of Database. Name of Service.

Location of Database. Date retrieved <URL>.

Example

Schaefer, Bradley E. "Meteors That Changed the World." Sky and Telescope 96.6.

Dec. 1998: 8 pp. InfoTrac. Gale. Royalton-Hartland Jr./Sr. High School Library.

29 Oct. 1999 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com>.

EBSCOHOST

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Publication Title Volume number. Issue number.

Date of publication: Page range or Number of pages. Name of Database. Name of Service.

Location of Database. Date retrieved <URL>.

Example

"Diabetes Increases Risk for Caesarean Delivery." Nutrition Research Newsletter

October 1999: 6-7. Health Source. Ebscohost. King College Library, Kingwood.

8 May 2002 <http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html>.

ELECTRONIC MAIL

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Subject Line

from the Message." E-mail to Recipient's Name ( recipient's email address). Message Date.

Example

Bruckman, Amy S. "Moose Crossing Proposal."

E-mail to Bill W. Omar ( bomar@aol.com). 6 Aug. 1999.

INTERNET RELAY CHAT (IRC)

Format

Last Name of Online Speaker, First Name or Initial. Description and Title of the event. Date of event.

Forum for communication. Date of retrieval <URL>.

Example

Gates, Bill. Online Defense of Microsoft. 25 July 2002. IRC.

28 July 2002 <http://lingua.utdallas.edu/linguarchive/defense.txt>.

DISCUSSION LISTS (LISTSERVS) and NEWSGROUPS

Format

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Item Subject of Posting." Online posting.

Date of Document. Name of Forum. Access date <URL> .

Example

Brown, David. "Educational Insights." Online posting. 12 May 1995.

Educational Research Discussion Group. 22 Sept. 1996 <news://k12.ed.research>.

ONLINE IMAGES, VIDEO CLIPS, and SOUNDS

Format

Author. Description or "Title of Image." [Online Image or Video Clip or Sound]

Title of Internet site. Date accessed <URL>.

Example

Hubble Space Telescope release in the Space Shuttle's Payload Bay. [Online Image]

NASA. 2 Oct. 2001 <http://explorer@nasa.gov/pub/SPACE/GIF/s31-04-015.gif >.

Compiled from MLA <http://www.mla.org>

by the Royhart Jr/Sr HS Media Center

October 2002: Updated October 2003

Special thanks to Ellen Genet